, Kazakhstan
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 73 No. 1 (2021): Al-Farabı ANNIVERSARY DATES
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 74 No. 2 (2021): Al-Farabı RUKHANI ZHANGYRU: AL-FARABI AND ABAY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 75 No. 3 (2021): Al-Farabi PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 74 No. 2 (2021): Al-Farabı RUKHANI ZHANGYRU: AL-FARABI AND ABAY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 75 No. 3 (2021): Al-Farabi PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 74 No. 2 (2021): Al-Farabı KAZAKHSTAN: POLITICAL REALITIES OF MODERN TIME
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 74 No. 2 (2021): Al-Farabı PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 74 No. 2 (2021): Al-Farabı RESEARCH ON RELIGIOUS STUDY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 74 No. 2 (2021): Al-Farabı RESEARCH ON RELIGIOUS STUDY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 74 No. 2 (2021): Al-Farabı KAZAKHSTAN: POLITICAL REALITIES OF MODERN TIME
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 74 No. 2 (2021): Al-Farabı RESEARCH ON RELIGIOUS STUDY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 75 No. 3 (2021): Al-Farabi HERITAGE OF AL-FARABI: TRANSLATIONS AND RESEARCH
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 76 No. 4 (2021): Al-Farabı LANGUAGE. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS. POLITICAL PROCESS
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 75 No. 3 (2021): Al-Farabi HERITAGE OF AL-FARABI: TRANSLATIONS AND RESEARCH
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 75 No. 3 (2021): Al-Farabi RELIGION AND MODERNITY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 75 No. 3 (2021): Al-Farabi PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 75 No. 3 (2021): Al-Farabi POLITICAL SCIENCE: THEORY AND METHODOLOGY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 75 No. 3 (2021): Al-Farabi RELIGION AND MODERNITY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 76 No. 4 (2021): Al-Farabı LANGUAGE. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS. POLITICAL PROCESS
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 75 No. 3 (2021): Al-Farabi POLITICAL SCIENCE: THEORY AND METHODOLOGY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 75 No. 3 (2021): Al-Farabi PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 76 No. 4 (2021): Al-Farabı CULTURE. VALUES AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 76 No. 4 (2021): Al-Farabı CULTURE. VALUES AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 76 No. 4 (2021): Al-Farabı RELIGION IN SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 76 No. 4 (2021): Al-Farabı LANGUAGE. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS. POLITICAL PROCESS
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 76 No. 4 (2021): Al-Farabı CULTURE. VALUES AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 76 No. 4 (2021): Al-Farabı RELIGION IN SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 76 No. 4 (2021): Al-Farabı KAZAKHSTAN PHILOSOPHY: CREATIVE LABORATORY OF RESEARCHERS
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 78 No. 2 (2022): Al-Farabı PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 76 No. 4 (2021): Al-Farabı HERITAGE OF AL-FARABI: TRANSLATIONS AND RESEARCH
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 77 No. 1 (2022): Al-Farabi RELIGION IN SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 76 No. 4 (2021): Al-Farabı KAZAKHSTAN PHILOSOPHY: CREATIVE LABORATORY OF RESEARCHERS
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 76 No. 4 (2021): Al-Farabı LANGUAGE. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS. POLITICAL PROCESS
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 77 No. 1 (2022): Al-Farabi POLITICS AND GLOBAL PROCESSES
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 77 No. 1 (2022): Al-Farabi RELIGION IN SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 78 No. 2 (2022): Al-Farabı PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 77 No. 1 (2022): Al-Farabi PHILOSOPHY FROM THE ORIGINS TO POSTMODERN
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 77 No. 1 (2022): Al-Farabi PHILOSOPHY FROM THE ORIGINS TO POSTMODERN
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 77 No. 1 (2022): Al-Farabi HERITAGE OF AL-FARABI: TRANSLATIONS AND RESEARCH
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 77 No. 1 (2022): Al-Farabi KAZAKHSTAN: POLITICAL REALITIES OF MODERN TIME
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 77 No. 1 (2022): Al-Farabi PERSONALITY. SPIRITUALITY AND VALUES OF HUMAN LIFE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 77 No. 1 (2022): Al-Farabi KAZAKHSTAN: POLITICAL REALITIES OF MODERN TIME
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 77 No. 1 (2022): Al-Farabi HERITAGE OF AL-FARABI: TRANSLATIONS AND RESEARCH
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 79 No. 3 (2022): Al-Farabı PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 78 No. 2 (2022): Al-Farabı RELIGION IN SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 79 No. 3 (2022): Al-Farabı ФИЛОСОФИЯ АЛЬ-ФАРАБИ: ПЕРЕВОДЫ И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 77 No. 1 (2022): Al-Farabi POLITICS AND GLOBAL PROCESSES
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 78 No. 2 (2022): Al-Farabı CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: IDENTITY. MODERNIZATION. FUTURE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 77 No. 1 (2022): Al-Farabi RELIGION IN SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 78 No. 2 (2022): Al-Farabı PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 80 No. 4 (2022): Аль-Фараби RELIGION IN SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 78 No. 2 (2022): Al-Farabı CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: IDENTITY. MODERNIZATION. FUTURE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 80 No. 4 (2022): Аль-Фараби PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 79 No. 3 (2022): Al-Farabı PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 80 No. 4 (2022): Аль-Фараби PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 78 No. 2 (2022): Al-Farabı CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: IDENTITY. MODERNIZATION. FUTURE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 79 No. 3 (2022): Al-Farabı RELIGION IN THE SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF MODERN TIME
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 80 No. 4 (2022): Аль-Фараби PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 79 No. 3 (2022): Al-Farabı ФИЛОСОФИЯ АЛЬ-ФАРАБИ: ПЕРЕВОДЫ И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 78 No. 2 (2022): Al-Farabı RELIGION IN SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 80 No. 4 (2022): Аль-Фараби PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 78 No. 2 (2022): Al-Farabı PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 82 No. 2 (2023): Al-Farabi RELIGION IN THE SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF MODERN TIME
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 79 No. 3 (2022): Al-Farabı КУЛЬТУРА. ИДЕНТИЧНОСТЬ. СПРАВЕДЛИВОСТЬ
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 80 No. 4 (2022): Аль-Фараби CULTURE. IDENTITY. URBANIZATION
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 79 No. 3 (2022): Al-Farabı RELIGION IN THE SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF MODERN TIME
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 79 No. 3 (2022): Al-Farabı THE TURKIC WORLD IN THE STREAM OF HISTORY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 80 No. 4 (2022): Аль-Фараби CULTURE. IDENTITY. URBANIZATION
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 79 No. 3 (2022): Al-Farabı КУЛЬТУРА. ИДЕНТИЧНОСТЬ. СПРАВЕДЛИВОСТЬ
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 80 No. 4 (2022): Аль-Фараби CULTURE. IDENTITY. URBANIZATION
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 81 No. 1 (2023): Аль-Фараби RELIGION AND MODERNITY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 81 No. 1 (2023): Аль-Фараби PERSONALITY. SPIRITUALITY AND VALUES OF HUMAN LIFE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 81 No. 1 (2023): Аль-Фараби PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 80 No. 4 (2022): Аль-Фараби RELIGION IN SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 82 No. 2 (2023): Al-Farabi RELIGION IN THE SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF MODERN TIME
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 81 No. 1 (2023): Аль-Фараби PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 81 No. 1 (2023): Аль-Фараби CULTURE. VALUES AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 82 No. 2 (2023): Al-Farabi КАЗАХСКАЯ ФИЛОСОФИЯ В ПОТОКЕ ИСТОРИИ
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 83 No. 3 (2023): Al-Farabi RUKHANI ZHANGYRU: AL-FARABI AND ABAY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 83 No. 3 (2023): Al-Farabi HUMAN AND SOCIETY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 81 No. 1 (2023): Аль-Фараби POLITICAL SCIENCE: THEORY AND METHODOLOGY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 82 No. 2 (2023): Al-Farabi КАЗАХСКАЯ ФИЛОСОФИЯ В ПОТОКЕ ИСТОРИИ
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 81 No. 1 (2023): Аль-Фараби PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 84 No. 4 (2023): Al-Farabi RELIGION IN SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 81 No. 1 (2023): Аль-Фараби POLITICAL SCIENCE: THEORY AND METHODOLOGY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 82 No. 2 (2023): Al-Farabi KAZAKHSTAN: POLITICAL REALITIES OF MODERN TIME
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 81 No. 1 (2023): Аль-Фараби RELIGION AND MODERNITY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 81 No. 1 (2023): Аль-Фараби POLITICAL SCIENCE: THEORY AND METHODOLOGY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 83 No. 3 (2023): Al-Farabi GLOBAL CHALLENGES AND NATIONAL INTERESTS
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 81 No. 1 (2023): Аль-Фараби RELIGION AND MODERNITY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 83 No. 3 (2023): Al-Farabi RUKHANI ZHANGYRU: AL-FARABI AND ABAY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 82 No. 2 (2023): Al-Farabi RELIGION IN THE SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF MODERN TIME
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 82 No. 2 (2023): Al-Farabi RELIGION IN THE SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF MODERN TIME
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 82 No. 2 (2023): Al-Farabi CULTURE. VALUES AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 82 No. 2 (2023): Al-Farabi RELIGION IN THE SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF MODERN TIME
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 84 No. 4 (2023): Al-Farabi MODERN PHILOSOPHY: CREATIVE LABORATORY OF RESEARCHERS
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 85 No. 1 (2024): Аль-Фараби RELIGION IN SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 82 No. 2 (2023): Al-Farabi CULTURE. VALUES AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 83 No. 3 (2023): Al-Farabi GLOBAL CHALLENGES AND NATIONAL INTERESTS
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 82 No. 2 (2023): Al-Farabi CULTURE. VALUES AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 82 No. 2 (2023): Al-Farabi PERSONALITY. SPIRITUALITY AND VALUES OF HUMAN LIFE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 83 No. 3 (2023): Al-Farabi THE TURKIC WORLD IN THE STREAM OF HISTORY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 83 No. 3 (2023): Al-Farabi RELIGION IN THE SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF MODERN TIME
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 85 No. 1 (2024): Аль-Фараби PERSONALITY. SPIRITUALITY AND VALUES OF HUMAN LIFE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 84 No. 4 (2023): Al-Farabi MODERN PHILOSOPHY: CREATIVE LABORATORY OF RESEARCHERS
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 83 No. 3 (2023): Al-Farabi GLOBAL CHALLENGES AND NATIONAL INTERESTS
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 85 No. 1 (2024): Аль-Фараби KAZAKHSTAN PHILOSOPHY: CREATIVE LABORATORY OF RESEARCHERS
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 83 No. 3 (2023): Al-Farabi RELIGION IN THE SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF MODERN TIME
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 83 No. 3 (2023): Al-Farabi RELIGION IN THE SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF MODERN TIME
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 85 No. 1 (2024): Аль-Фараби KAZAKHSTAN PHILOSOPHY: CREATIVE LABORATORY OF RESEARCHERS
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 83 No. 3 (2023): Al-Farabi RELIGION IN THE SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF MODERN TIME
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 83 No. 3 (2023): Al-Farabi CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: IDENTITY. MODERNIZATION. FUTURE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 84 No. 4 (2023): Al-Farabi HERITAGE OF AL-FARABI: TRANSLATIONS AND RESEARCH
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 84 No. 4 (2023): Al-Farabi METHODOLOGY OF INTER-ETHNIC RESEARCH
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 84 No. 4 (2023): Al-Farabi METHODOLOGY OF INTER-ETHNIC RESEARCH
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 85 No. 1 (2024): Аль-Фараби RELIGION IN SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 84 No. 4 (2023): Al-Farabi THE TURKIC WORLD IN THE STREAM OF HISTORY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 85 No. 1 (2024): Аль-Фараби KAZAKHSTAN PHILOSOPHY: CREATIVE LABORATORY OF RESEARCHERS
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 84 No. 4 (2023): Al-Farabi HERITAGE OF AL-FARABI: TRANSLATIONS AND RESEARCH
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 84 No. 4 (2023): Al-Farabi HERITAGE OF AL-FARABI: TRANSLATIONS AND RESEARCH
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 84 No. 4 (2023): Al-Farabi POLITICS AND POLITICAL PROCESSES
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 84 No. 4 (2023): Al-Farabi METHODOLOGY OF INTER-ETHNIC RESEARCH
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 85 No. 1 (2024): Аль-Фараби KAZAKHSTAN PHILOSOPHY: CREATIVE LABORATORY OF RESEARCHERS
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 85 No. 1 (2024): Аль-Фараби HERITAGE OF AL-FARABI: TRANSLATIONS AND RESEARCH
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 84 No. 4 (2023): Al-Farabi POLITICS AND POLITICAL PROCESSES
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 85 No. 1 (2024): Аль-Фараби CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: IDENTITY. MODERNIZATION. FUTURE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 85 No. 1 (2024): Аль-Фараби KAZAKHSTAN: POLITICAL REALITIES OF MODERN TIME
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 85 No. 1 (2024): Аль-Фараби PERSONALITY. SPIRITUALITY AND VALUES OF HUMAN LIFE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 85 No. 1 (2024): Аль-Фараби CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: IDENTITY. MODERNIZATION. FUTURE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 72 No. 4 (2020): Al-Farabı РУХАНИ ЖАҢҒЫРУ: К 1150-ЛЕТИЮ АЛЬ-ФАРАБИ И 175-ЛЕТИЮ АБАЯ
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 72 No. 4 (2020): Al-Farabı PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 72 No. 4 (2020): Al-Farabı РУХАНИ ЖАҢҒЫРУ: К 1150-ЛЕТИЮ АЛЬ-ФАРАБИ И 175-ЛЕТИЮ АБАЯ
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 72 No. 4 (2020): Al-Farabı CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: IDENTITY. MODERNIZATION. FUTURE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 72 No. 4 (2020): Al-Farabı РУХАНИ ЖАҢҒЫРУ: К 1150-ЛЕТИЮ АЛЬ-ФАРАБИ И 175-ЛЕТИЮ АБАЯ
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 72 No. 4 (2020): Al-Farabı КАЗАХСКАЯ ФИЛОСОФИЯ В ПОТОКЕ ИСТОРИИ
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 72 No. 4 (2020): Al-Farabı CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: IDENTITY. MODERNIZATION. FUTURE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 73 No. 1 (2021): Al-Farabı HERITAGE OF AL-FARABI: TRANSLATIONS AND RESEARCH
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 73 No. 1 (2021): Al-Farabı CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: IDENTITY. MODERNIZATION. FUTURE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 73 No. 1 (2021): Al-Farabı HERITAGE OF AL-FARABI: TRANSLATIONS AND RESEARCH
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 73 No. 1 (2021): Al-Farabı CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: IDENTITY. MODERNIZATION. FUTURE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 73 No. 1 (2021): Al-Farabı PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 73 No. 1 (2021): Al-Farabı RELIGION IN SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 73 No. 1 (2021): Al-Farabı RELIGION IN SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 74 No. 2 (2021): Al-Farabı RUKHANI ZHANGYRU: AL-FARABI AND ABAY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 74 No. 2 (2021): Al-Farabı PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 74 No. 2 (2021): Al-Farabı RUKHANI ZHANGYRU: AL-FARABI AND ABAY
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 78 No. 2 (2022): Al-Farabı PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 81 No. 1 (2023): Аль-Фараби CULTURE. VALUES AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 83 No. 3 (2023): Al-Farabi CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: IDENTITY. MODERNIZATION. FUTURE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 83 No. 3 (2023): Al-Farabi POLITICS AND GLOBAL PROCESSES
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 85 No. 1 (2024): Аль-Фараби CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: IDENTITY. MODERNIZATION. FUTURE
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 72 No. 4 (2020): Al-Farabı КАЗАХСКАЯ ФИЛОСОФИЯ В ПОТОКЕ ИСТОРИИ
-
Al-Farabi Vol. 73 No. 1 (2021): Al-Farabı PHILOSOPHY IN THE PRESENT AND HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE